Detección molecular de Cucumber mosaic virus y Pepper severe mottle virus en arvenses asociadas al cultivo de ají (Capsicum spp.)

En los últimos años, el ají (Capsicum chinense, Capsicum frutescens y Capsicum annuum var. Acuminatum), cultivado en el Valle del Cauca, se ha visto afectado por enfermedades virales causadas por Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-ají) y Pepper severe mottle virus (PepSMoV). Pese a que estos dos virus son limitantes para producción del cultivo de ají, en la actualidad, pocos estudios han identificado los hospederos alternos de CMV-ají y PepSMoV. En este trabajo, se evaluó la presencia de CMV-ají y PepSMoV, mediante RT-PCR, en muestras de tejido foliar, de 121 plantas arvenses, asociadas al cultivo de ají, en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. El análisis molecular indicó la presencia de CMV-ají, en el 21,4 % de las plantas recolectadas y de PepSMoV, en el 20,6 %. Se identificaron las especies arvenses Amaranthus viridis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Hippobroma longiflora, Commelina diffusa, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria incana, Desmodium tortuosum, Desmodium intortum, Macroptilium lathyroides, Anoda acerifolia, Boerhavia erecta, Bougainvillea glabra, Rivina humilis, Browallia americana, Capsicum rhomboideum, Solanum americanum y Lantana camara, como hospederas de CMV-ají o PepSMoV. Se presentó infección mixta de CMV-ají y PepSMoV, en 57 % de las arvenses positivas a virus, las cuales, están distribuidas en zonas productores de ají, localizadas en seis municipios del Valle del Cauca. Estos resultados brindan información sobre la distribución de estos virus en el Valle del Cauca, contribuyen al conocimiento de la epidemiología viral y servirán para diseñar medidas de manejo, orientadas a prevenir las infecciones virales en los cultivos de ají.

In recent years, chili pepper (Capsicum chinense, Capsicum frutescens y Capsicum annuum var. Acuminatum) grown in Valle del Cauca has been affected by viral diseases caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-chili pepper) and Pepper severe mottle virus (PepSMoV). Although these two viruses are limiting to the production of the chili pepper crop, at present, few studies have identified the alternate hosts of CMV-chili pepper and PepSMoV. In this work, the presence of CMV-chili pepper and PepSMoV were evaluated by RT-PCR in leaf tissue samples from 121 weed plants associated with chili pepper cultivation in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Molecular analysis indicated the presence of CMV-chili pepper in 21.4 % of the collected plants and PepSMoV in 20.6 %. Weed species Amaranthus viridis, Parthenium hysterophorus, Hippobroma longiflora, Commelina diffusa, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria incana, Desmodium tortuosum, Desmodium intortum, Macroptilium lathyroides, Anoda acerifolia, Boerhavia erecta, Bougainvillea glabra, Rivina humilis, Browallia americana, Capsicum rhomboideum, Solanum americanum and Lantana camara, as hosts of CMV-chili pepper or PepSMoV. Mixed infection of CMV-chili pepper and PepSMoV was present in 57 % of the weeds positive for viruses, which are distributed in chili pepper producing areas located in six municipalities of Valle del Cauca. These results provide information on the distribution of these viruses in Valle del Cauca. Contribute to the knowledge of viral epidemiology and will serve to design management measures aimed to prevent viral infections in chili pepper crops.

Enriquecimiento del aceite comestible por compuestos fenólicos y antioxidantes de chile piquín (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) / Enrichment of edible oil by phenolic and antioxidant compounds of piquín chili (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum)

Resumen Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum presenta adaptaciones locales a distintas dinámicas antropocéntricas y ecológicas, por lo que ampliar sus usos alimenticios a partir de su potencial antioxidante permitirá contribuir al conocimiento para fortalecer cadenas de valor, robustecer su aprovechamiento y el consumo de plantas comestibles silvestres locales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue suplementar con chile piquín un aceite comestible comercial de cártamo y evaluar su capacidad antioxidante, a través de la determinación del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y mediante ensayos de captación de radicales libres ABTS+ y DPPH·, evaluados en: 1) la muestra de chile piquín a través de dos solventes de extracción y 2) en el aceite suplementado y sin suplementar a los 0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d y 28 d posteriores a la preparación (DPP). El chile piquín presentó altos valores antioxidantes, el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) indicó que el extracto acuoso superó al hidroalcohólico. El ANOVA factorial mostró diferencias significativas en los tres parámetros antioxidantes evaluados. Estas disimilitudes se asociaron a la suplementación, tiempo (DPP) y la combinación de la suplementación y DPP. La suplementación del aceite de cártamo con C. annuum var. glabriusculum enriqueció 66 % su valor antioxidante. La comparación de medias mostró diferencias significativas en la combinación de tratamientos y DPP. La combinación de aceite suplementado y los DPP presentó variabilidad en los datos de polifenoles totales y habilidad contra ABTS+. Se observó una relación inversa entre los DPP y compuestos fenólicos totales y capacidad contra ABTS+, contrario a la prueba para DPPH·. Los resultados obtenidos validan que la adición de chile piquín incrementa la biofuncionalidad del aceite de cártamo y puede ser alternativa de fuente de antioxidantes naturales.

Abstract Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum presents local adaptations to different anthropocentric and ecological dynamics. Therefore, expanding its food uses based on its antioxidant potential will contribute to knowledge about ways to strengthen value chains, enhance their use and encourage the consumption of local wild edible plants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of commercial edible safflower oil supplemented with piquín chili by determining the content of phenolic compounds and by assays of free radical scavenging in ABTS+ and DPPH·. The evaluation included: 1) the piquín chili sample through two extraction solvents and 2) the supplemented and unsupplemented oil at 0 d,7 d, 14 d, 21 d and 28 d after preparation (DPP). The piquín chili presented high antioxidant values. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the aqueous extract surpassed the hydroalcoholic extract. The factorial ANOVA showed significant differences in the three antioxidant parameters evaluated. These dissimilarities were associated with supplementation, time (DPP) and the combination of supplementation and DPP. Safflower oil supplementation with C. annuum var. glabriusculum enriched 66 % more its antioxidant value. The comparison of means showed significant differences in the combination of treatments and DPP. The combination of supplemented oil and DPP showed variability in total polyphenol data and ability against ABTS +. An inverse relationship was observed between DPP and total phenolic compounds, and capacity against ABTS +, contrary to the test for DPPH·. The results obtained validate the argument that the addition of piquín chili increases the biofunctionality of safflower oil and can be an alternative source of natural antioxidants.

The use of volatile compounds as an alternative method in pepper breeding (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum) / O uso de compostos voláteis como método alternativo no melhoramento da pimenta (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum)

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to determine some fruit characteristics of 19 different lines hybridized by previous regular studies. These lines were examined in order to determine the differences among volatile components and reveal the differences in comparison with the parents. Plant height (cm), fruit weight (g), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), fruit flesh thickness (mm), pungency, immature fruit color and mature fruit color were determined of parents and F4 lines. As a result, a wide range of variations were determined between lines and parents in terms of all parameters apart from pungency. Especially in terms of volatile components, it has been found that some active substances are found only in the father and white genotype (Fenchol, spathulenol and geranyl acetate), some of them only in the mother and orange genotype (α-terpineol, dihexyl azelate and 2-hexadecanol). It was concluded that volatile compounds of the species can be used as a marker for breeding studies.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é determinar algumas características dos frutos de 19 linhagens diferentes hibridizadas por estudos regulares anteriores. Essas linhas foram examinadas a fim de determinar as diferenças entre os componentes voláteis e revelar as diferenças em comparação com os pais. Altura da planta (cm), peso do fruto (g), largura do fruto (mm), comprimento do fruto (mm), espessura da polpa do fruto (mm), pungência, cor do fruto imaturo e cor do fruto maduro foram determinados dos pais e das linhas F4. Como resultado, uma ampla gama de variações foi determinada entre as linhas e os pais em termos de todos os parâmetros, exceto a pungência. Especialmente em termos de componentes voláteis, verificou-se que algumas substâncias ativas são encontradas apenas no genótipo pai e branco (Fenchol, espatulenol e acetato de geranila), algumas delas apenas no genótipo mãe e laranja (α-terpineol, azelato de dihexila e 2-hexadecanol). Concluiu-se que compostos voláteis da espécie podem ser usados como marcadores para estudos de melhoramento.

Oleoresins from chili pepper and turmeric could substitute for salinomycin in broilers / Oleoresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma podrian reemplazar la salinomicina en pollos de engorde / Oleoresinas de pimenta chilli e cúrcuma podem substituir a salinomicina em frangos de corte

Abstract Background: Coccidiosis is the infectious disease with the greatest economic impact in poultry production. Additionally, chemotherapeutic growth promoters are being substituted for safer alternative strategies. Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding oleoresins from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the performance, survival rate, and the Productive Efficiency Index of broilers from 1 to 21d challenged by Eimeria sp. Methods: A total of 700 male 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) challenged with Eimeria sp, were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) negative control diet, without anticoccidial agent or growth promoters; (2) control diet+0.05% salinomycin; (3) negative control diet+100g/ton; and (4) negative control diet +140g/ton of test product (Curcuma longa L. plus Capsicum annuum oleoresins). Results: Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and Productive Efficiency Index did not differ between broilers fed anticoccidial chemotherapeutics and oleoresins. In addition, there was no difference in feed intake and survival rate between dietary treatments. Conclusion: Broilers supplemented with chili pepper and turmeric oleoresins from 1 to 21d present similar body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, and Productive Efficiency Index compared to broilers supplemented with chemotherapeutic anticoccidials without affecting feed intake or survival rate.

Resumen Antecedentes: El impacto económico generado por la coccidiosis en el sector avícola es el mayor en relación con otras enfermedades. Adicionalmente, los promotores de crecimiento quimioterapéuticos se han venido reemplazando por estrategias alternativas. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de oleorresinas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum) y cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) sobre el desempeño zootécnico, tasa de supervivencia y el Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en pollos de engorde de 1 a 21 dias desafiados con Eimeria sp. Métodos: Se utilizaron 700 pollos machos (Cobb500) de 1 día de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos: (1) dieta control negativo sin agentes anticoccidianos ni promotores de crecimiento; (2) dieta control+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta control negativa+100g/ton; y (4) dieta control negativa +140g/ton del producto a evaluar (oleorresina de Curcuma longa L. y Capsicum annuum). Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados similares repecto a peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en los tratamientos que contenían anticoccidiano quimioterapéutico y los que contenian oleorresinas. Además, no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de alimento ni en la tasa de supervivencia entre los tratamientos dietarios. Conclusión: Los pollos de engorde suplementados entre 1 y 21 d con oleorresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma presentan similar peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en comparación con los suplementados con anticoccidianos quimioterapéuticos, sin afectar el consumo de alimento ni la viabilidad.

Resumo Antecedentes: O impacto econômico da coccidiose é o maior quando comparado a outras doenças na produção avícola. Além disso, promotores de crescimento quimioterápicos tem sido substituídos por estratégias alternativas. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito das oleoresinas da pimenta Chilli (Capsicum annuum) e açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) no desempenho zootécnico, taxa de sobrevivência e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva de frangos de corte de 1 a 21d desafiados por Eimeria sp Métodos: Foram utilizados 700 pintos de 1d, machos (Cobb500) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro tratamentos: (1) dieta controle negativo, sem agente anticoccidiano ou promotores de crescimento; (2) dieta controle+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta controle negativa+100g/ton; e (4)+140g/ton de produto teste (oleoresina de Curcuma longa L. mais Capsicum annuum) e desafiados por Eimeria sp. Resultados: Houve resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva entre frangos alimentados com dietas contendo anticocidiano quimioterápico e dietas contendo oleoresinas. Além disso, não houve diferença para consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência entre os tratamentos dietéticos. Conclusão: Frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com oleorresinas de pimenta chili e açafrão-da-terra apresentaram resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva que frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com anticoccidianos quimioterápicos de 1 a 21d, sem afetar o consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência dos animais.

La insurrección chilena del siglo XXI de los 30 pesos / The 21st century Chilean insurrection of 30 pesos / A insurreição chilena do século XXI dos 30 pesos / L'insurrection chilienne du 21ème siècle des 30 pesos

El objetivo de este trabajo es comprender la insurrección chilena del siglo XXI de los 30 pesos, como una aproximación inicial, parcial y posicionada. Realizando una revisión bibliográfica y participación en la misma insurrección, desarrollo este trabajo desde un enfoque etnográfico, describiendo y analizando el contexto de los acontecimientos, para llegar a fundamentar la noción de la insurrección chilena. Desde la perspectiva en la que me ubico, indígena anarquista, planteo que en Chile no se vive en democracia, iniciando una reflexión respecto a alternativas para un vivir digno, que quiebre el espejismo del modelo neoliberal capitalista, racista y sexista, materializado en diversas posiciones de autoridad, en distintos planos de la sociedad, lo que se aspira a decolonizar y deconstruir, y que desde las ciencias humanas y sociales, y en particular desde la psicología, que estudiamos el comportamiento humano, debemos aportar de manera real, y cesar de contribuir al poder dominante.

The objective of this work is to understand the 21st century Chilean insurrection of 30 pesos as an initial, partial and positioned approach. Conducting a bibliographic review and participation in the same insurrection, I developed this work from an ethnographic approach, describing and analyzing the context of the events, in order to support the notion of the Chilean insurrection. From the perspective in which I place myself, as indigenous anarchist, I propose that in Chile one does not live in democracy, initiating a reflection on alternatives for a dignified life, which breaks the illusion of the capitalist, racist and sexist neoliberal model, materialized in various positions of authority, on different levels of society, aiming to decolonize and deconstruct, and that from human and social sciences, and in particular from psychology, which studies human behavior, we must make a real contribution, and stop contributing to the dominant power.

O objetivo deste trabalho é entender a insurreição chilena do século XXI dos 30 pesos, como uma abordagem inicial, parcial e posicionada. Realizando uma revisão bibliográfica e participação na mesma insurreição, desenvolvo este trabalho a partir de uma abordagem etnográfica, descrevendo e analisando o contexto dos eventos, para fundamentar a noção de insurreição chilena. Da perspectiva em que estou localizado, um anarquista indígena, proponho que no Chile não se viva em democracia, iniciando uma reflexão sobre alternativas para uma vida digna, que rompa a ilusão do modelo neoliberal capitalista, racista e sexista, materializado em várias posições de autoridade, em diferentes níveis da sociedade, que visa descolonizar e desconstruir, e que das ciências humanas e sociais, e em particular da psicologia, que estudamos o comportamento humano, devemos contribuir de maneira real e cessar contribuir para o poder dominante.

L'objectif de ce travail est de comprendre l'insurrection chilienne du XXIe siècle des 30 pesos comme une approche initiale, partielle et positionnée. En effectuant une revue bibliographique et en participant à la même insurrection, je développe ce travail à partir d'une approche ethnographique, décrivant et analysant le contexte des événements, afin de fonder la notion d'insurrection chilienne. De la perspective dans laquelle je me trouve, en tant qu'indigène anarchiste, je propose qu'au Chili on ne vive pas dans la démocratie, initiant une réflexion sur les alternatives pour un vivre digne, qui brise le mirage du modèle néolibéral capitaliste, raciste et sexiste, matérialisé dans différentes positions de l'autorité, à différents niveaux de la société, ce qui aspire à décoloniser et à déconstruire, et que des sciences humaines et sociales, et en particulier de la psychologie, que nous étudions le comportement humain, nous devons contribuer de manière réelle, et cesser contribuer au pouvoir dominant.

Leyendo críticamente políticas educativas en la era neoliberal: el caso chileno / A critical review of educational policies in the neoliberal era: the chilean case / Lecture critique des politiques éducatives à lère néolibérale: le cas chilien / Leitura crítica das políticas educacionais na era neoliberal: o caso chileno

Resumen Este artículo aborda las tendencias de mercantilización y privatización educativa en Chile en la era neoliberal mediante el análisis crítico de los discursos y argumentaciones presentes en las políticas educativas de la última década para solucionar el problema de la calidad y desigualdad socioeducativa. Para ello, se analizó un corpus de promulgaciones presidenciales (2008 a la fecha) mediante Análisis Crítico de Discurso y Análisis Político de Discurso. Los resultados evidencian argumentaciones que, en efecto bucle, ofrecen soluciones de mercado a los problemas generados tras décadas de neoliberalismo en educación. Finalmente, se discuten los efectos sociolingüísticos que estos discursos generan en el debate educativo y la necesidad de desmitificar y confrontar la hegemonía neoliberal.

Abstract This article addresses commodification and privatization trends in Chile in the neoliberal era by anlyzing the discourses and arguments present in the current educational policies aimed at solving quality and socio-educational inequality problems. To this end, by means of Critical Discourse Analysis and Political Discourse Analysis, it explores the corpus of presidential enactments from 2008 to date to address. The results show arguments that, in loop effect, offer market solutions to the problems generated by decades of educational neoliberalism in Chile. Such arguments are discussed based not only on the sociolinguistic effects that neoliberal discourses have had on the educational debate but also on the need to demystify and confront neoliberal hegemony.

Résumé Le article aborde les tendances de la marchandisation et de la privatisation de l'éducation au Chili à l'ère néolibérale par le biais de l'analyse critique des discours et des arguments présentés dans les politiques éducatives actuelles mises a point pour résoudre le problème de la qualité et des inégalités socio-éducatives. Un corpus de promulgations présidentielles (de 2008 à ce jour) est analysé par le biais de l'analyse critique du discours et de l'analyse politique du discours. Les résultats montrent des arguments qui, en effet de boucle, offrent des solutions de marché aux problèmes entrainés par des décennies de néoliberalisme dans l'éducation. Finalement sont discutés les effets sociolinguistiques que ces discours engendrent et la nécessité de démystifier et de confronter l'hégémonie néolibérale.

Resumo Este artigo aborda as tendências de mercantilização e privatização no Chile na era neoliberal mediante discursos e argumentos promovidos nas atuais políticas educacionais para resolver o problema da qualidade e da desigualdade socioeducativa. Explora, através da Análise Crítica do Discurso e da Análise Política do Discurso, um corpus de promulgações presidenciais geradas a partir de 2008 para tratar esse problema. Os resultados mostram argumentos que, com efeito bucle, oferecem soluções de mercado para os problemas que surgiram após quatro décadas de neoliberalismo educacional no Chile. Eles são discutidos a partir dos efeitos sociolinguísticos que os discursos neoliberais provocam no debate educacional e da necessidade de desmistificar e confrontar a hegemonia neoliberal.

The utility of physical education according to students from germany and chile / Lutilité de léducation physique, selon des étudiants allemands et chiliens / A utilidade da educação física segundo estudantes da alemanha e do chile / La utilidad de educación física según escolares de alemania y chile

Resumo O presente estudo tem o objetivo de determinar a forma como estudantes de diferentes culturas percebem a utilidade das aulas de Educação Física. Foram entrevistados 2.748 estudantes (1.373 da região da Araucanía, Chile; e 1.375 do Estado de Sarre, Alemanha). Tanto os alunos chilenos como os alemães reconhecem mais uma utilidade "esportivo-recreativa" que uma "socioeducativa", e os chilenos apresentam valores mais altos que seus pares alemães; por outro lado, ambos os grupos manifestam seu desacordo com a opinião de que a Educação Física não lhes serve para nada. Os estudantes consideram que suas aulas de Educação Física foram úteis, o que surge como uma oportunidade para reforçar a geração de experiências positivas nas aulas e consolidar as aprendizagens.

Abstract The aim of this study is to show how the students of different cultures perceive their physical education classes. 2748 students (1373 from the Araucania Region in Chile and 1375 from Saarland in Germany) have been surveyed. The students of both countries agree that the "sportive-recreational" aspect is more important than the "social-educational" one, while the Chilean students present higher values than the German students do. In addition, the students of both countries disagree to the statement that physical education is useless for them. The Chilean and German students think that their physical education class is useful. This knowledge can be used as an opportunity to reinforce the generation of positive experiences in class and to consolidate the learning processes.

Résumé L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la façon dont des étudiants issus de cultures différentes perçoivent l'utilité des classes d'Éducation Physique. 2748 élèves (1373 de la région d'Araucania, au Chili; et 1375 de l'État de Sarre, en Allemagne) ont été interrogés. Les étudiants chiliens et allemands reconnaissent une utilité plus "sportive-récréative" que "socio-éducative", les valeurs présentées par les Chiliens sont cependant plus élevées que chez les allemands. En outre, les deux groupes expriment leur désaccord quant à l'opinion que l'éducation physique ne leur apporte rien. Dans l'ensemble, les élèves considèrent que les cours d'Éducation Physique ont été utiles, ce qui représente une opportunité pour renforcer les expériences positives en classe et pour consolider les apprentissages.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como propósito determinar cómo escolares de diferentes culturas perciben la utilidad de las clases de Educación Física. Fueron encuestados 2748 escolares (1373 de la Región de La Araucanía, Chile; y 1375 del Estado de Sarre, Alemania). Tanto los escolares chilenos como los alemanes reconocen una utilidad "deportivo-recreativa" por sobre una utilidad "socioeducativa", siendo los chilenos quienes presentan valores más altos que sus pares alemanes; además, ambos grupos manifiestan su desacuerdo en que la Educación Física no les ha servido para nada. Los escolares consideran que sus clases de Educación Física les han sido útiles, lo que se presenta como una oportunidad para reforzar la generación de experiencias positivas en las clases y consolidar los aprendizajes.

In silico analysis of chili encoded miRNAs targeting Chili leaf curl begomovirus and its associated satellite

Chili leaf curl virus (ChiLCV), a member of the Geminiviridae family (Genus: Begomovirus), is one of themost destructive plant viruses. Micro (mi) RNAs (miRNAs) are the endogenous non-coding small RNAsthat play significant roles in plant growth and stress resistance by degrading targeted mRNA or repressingmRNA translation. Computational methods have identified numerous miRNAs in many plant species, whereasthere is no report of chili miRNAs targeting essential genes of the ChiLCV genome and associated satellites.In this study, we have predicted chili-encoded miRNAs that could be used for silencing against chili leafcurl virus (Accession no. MF737343) infection. We predicted several potential mir-miRNAs, exhibited highcomplementarities with V1 coat protein and C1 (Rep) genes of ChiLCV. Other overlapping genes, such as V2,C2, and C3 were also targeted by mir-miRNAs.

Rhizobacterial inoculants: The formulation as biofertilizer and its application on chili plants (Capsicum annum L.)

Aims@#The use of rhizobacteri as biofertilizer may help plants in obtaining nutrients from soil. A consortium inoculant (co-inoculant) consisting of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria is formulated to maintain its ability as booster of plant growth. This is easy to be stored and applied on plants. The aims of the study were to formulate rhizobacterial co-inoculant and its application on chili plants at greenhouse experiment. @*Methodology and results@#Isolates of Burkholderia cepacia KD 2.10, Serratia marcescens KAHN 15.12, and Bacillus thuringiensis SAHA 12.12 which have the ability in fixing nitrogen and solubilizing phosphate were used in this study. The three isolates did not show antagonistic activity and hypersensitivity reaction on chili plant. Biofertilizer as carrier material with talc-based powder was mixed with three isolates. This 109 CFU/g cell population of rhizobacterial consortium could be maintained up to six months of storage. Based on result of completely randomized design (CRD) using two factorials and four replicates, application of rhizobacterial co-inoculant significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, flowering age, dry weight of upper plant and root, and root length of chili plant. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Rhizobacterial co-inoculant was effective as biofertilizer to improve the growth of chili plants and it reduced the use of chemical fertilizer.

La articulación de las ciencias sociales en la obra de la Salas Edwards: Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena / The articulation of social sciences in thework of the Salas Edwards: Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena / A articulação das ciencias sociais na obra de Salas Edwards: Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena / L'articulation des sciences sociales dans les travaux de Salas Edwards: Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena"

La obra Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena de Ricardo Salas Edwards de 1914, es considerado como un texto fundacional de la psicología política en Chile. Una de las premisas de este planteamiento hace referencia a la interdisciplinariedad de las ciencias sociales como carácter epistemológico de la psicología política. En este sentido, se plantea que Salas desarrolló una articulación entre las disciplinas de las ciencias sociales de inicios del siglo XX, para narrar sobre uno de los episodios más importantes de la historia de Chile: el Conflicto Político - Militar de 1891. Este artículo aborda una de las perspectivas del origen de la psicología política chilena: la interdisciplinariedad de las ciencias sociales.

The work Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena by Ricardo Salas Edwards of 1914, is considered as a founding text of political psychology in Chile. One of the premises of this approach refers to the interdisciplinarity of the social sciences as an epistemological character of political psychology. In this sense, it is stated that Salas developed an articulation between the disciplines of the social sciences of the early twentieth century, to narrate about one of the most important episodes in the history of Chile: the Political - Military Conflict of 1891. This article addresses one of the perspectives of the origin of Chilean political psychology: the inter-disciplinarity of the social sciences.

O trabalho Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena, de Ricardo Salas Edwards, de 1914, é considerado um texto fundador da psicologia política no Chile. Uma das premissas dessa abordagem refere-se à interdisciplinaridade das ciências sociais como um caráter epistemológico da psicologia política. Nesse sentido, afirma-se que Salas desenvolveu uma articulação entre as disciplinas das ciências sociais do início do século XX, para narrar um dos mais importantes episódios da história do Chile: o Conflito Político-Militar de 1891. Este artigo trata de uma das perspectivas da origem da psicologia política chilena: a interdisciplinaridade das ciências sociais.

L'ouvrage Balmaceda y el Parlamentarismo en Chile, un Estudio de Psicología Política Chilena de Ricardo Salas Edwards de 1914, est considéré comme un texte fondateur de la psychologie politique au Chili. L'une des prémisses de cette aproche faitréférence à l'interdisciplinarité des sciences sociales en tant que caractère épistémologique de la psychologie politique. En ce sens, ilest indiqué que Salas a développé une articulation entre les disciplines des sciences sociales du début du XX esiècle, afin de raconterl'un des épisodes les plus importants de l'histoire du Chili: le conflit politico-militaire de 1891. Une des perspectives de l'origine de la psychologie politique chilienne: l'interdisciplinarité des sciences sociales.

Identifying resistance to root-knot nematodes in Capsicum genotypes / Identificação de genótipos de Capsicum resistentes a nematoides de galha

The present study aimed to evaluate Capsicum accessions for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne enterolobii. Two experiments with different genotypes of hot and sweet peppers were carried out in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was conducted in a 31 x 3 factorial scheme with 27 genotypes of Capsicum annuum, two cultivars of hot pepper, one line of Capsicum frutescens and tomato 'Santa Cruz Kada', and three species of nematodes (M. incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii). In the second experiment, we used a factorial scheme 39 x 3 with 36 accessions of C. annuum, two hot pepper cultivars and the 'Santa Cruz Kada' tomato and three nematodes species mentioned earlier. The total number of eggs and second-stage juveniles (TNEJ), number of eggs and second-stage juveniles per gram of root (NEJGR), reproduction index (RI) and reproduction factor (RF) were evaluated. Based on RI and RF, the genotypes CNPH 185, CNPH 187 and CNPH 680 were resistant and very resistant to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica, simultaneously. The C. frutescens line presented resistance to the three root-knot nematode species.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar acessos de Capsicum quanto à resistência a Meloidogyne incognita raça 3, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii. Foram realizados dois experimentos, com diferentes genótipos de pimentas e pimentões, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sendo o primeiro em esquema fatorial 31 x 3 com 27 genótipos de Capsicum annuum, duas cultivares de pimenta, uma linhagem de Capsicum frutescens, o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada' e três espécies de nematoides (M. incognita raça 3, M. javanica e M. enterolobii). No segundo experimento foi utilizado esquema fatorial 39 x 3 com 36 acessos de C. annuum, duas cultivares de pimenta, o tomateiro 'Santa Cruz Kada' e três espécies de nematoides mencionadas anteriormente. Avaliou-se o número total de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (NTOJ), número de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio por grama de raízes (NOJGR), índice de reprodução (IR) e fator de reprodução (FR). Com base no FR e IR os genótipos CNPH 185, CNPH 187 e CNPH 680 foram resistentes e muito resistentes a M. incognita raça 3 e M. javanica, simultaneamente. A linhagem de C. frutescens apresentou resistência às três espécies de nematoides de galha.

Gene effect and heterosis in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum / Efeito gênico e heterose em cruzamentos de Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum

Heterosis has been exploited in Capsicum annuum commercial hybrids; however, the use of heterosis in C. baccatum still remains to be explored, and studies related to the genetics and breeding of this species are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the combining ability of five parents of C. baccatum var. pendulum , representatives of two distinct types of fruits (namely, lady's finger and cambuci), to calculate heterosis and to evaluate the agronomic potential of the hybrids for yield and fruit quality. The hybrids were produced from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parents and hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications, and the following traits were assessed: number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and soluble solids. All traits were significant for general and specific combining ability, indicating that additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The hybrid combinations between the types lady's finger and cambuci provided elongated fruits with smaller diameters and greater weight compared with the parents of the cambuci type. However, these factors did not lead to a significant increase in the yield per plant due to the decreased number of fruits except in hybrid UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considering only the parents and hybrids within each type of fruit, the genitor UENF 1624 (lady's finger) and the hybrid UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) stood out for achieving a high yield per plant.

Embora heterose seja bem explorada na produção de híbridos comerciais de C. annuum, em C. baccatum, o uso da heterose permanece como um potencial e estudos relacionados à genética e ao melhoramento dessa espécie são escassos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar a capacidade combinatória entre cinco genitores de C. baccatum var. pendulum , representantes de dois grupos distintos de tipos de frutos (dedo-de-moça e cambuci); calcular a heterose e avaliar o potencial agronômico dos híbridos produzidos em termos de produção e qualidade dos frutos. Os híbridos foram produzidos a partir de um dialelo completo, sem recíprocos. Os genitores e os híbridos foram avaliados em condições de campo, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, sendo avaliadas as seguintes características: número de frutos por planta, massa média do fruto, produção por planta, comprimento do fruto, diâmetro do fruto e teor de sólidos solúveis. Todas as características foram significativas para a capacidade geral e específica de combinação, indicando que efeitos aditivos e não-aditivos estão envolvidos no controle genético dessas características. As combinações híbridas entre os tipos dedo-de-moça e cambuci proporcionaram frutos alongados, com menores diâmetros e maior peso, quando comparado com os genitores do tipo cambuci. Contudo, esses fatores não favoreceram um aumento expressivo na produção por planta em virtude da diminuição do número de frutos, com exceção para o híbrido UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considerando somente os genitores e os híbridos dentro de cada tipo de fruto, destaca-se a linhagem UENF 1624 (dedo-de-moça) e o híbrido UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) em relação à produção por planta.

New Records of Endophytic Paecilomyces inflatus and Bionectria ochroleuca from Chili Pepper Plants in Korea

Two new species of endophytic fungi were encountered during a diversity study of healthy tissues of chili pepper plants in Korea. The species were identified as Paecilomyces inflatus and Bionectria ochroleuca based on molecular and morphological analyses. Morphological descriptions of these endophytic isolates matched well with their molecular analysis. In the present study, detailed descriptions of internal transcribed spacer regions and morphological observations of these two fungi are presented.

Bioactive compounds of thai red hot chili dip (nam prik ta dang) and effects on antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation in rats (in vitro and in vivo models).

This study aimed to study the efficacy of Thai Red hot chili dip (Nam Prik Ta Dang) on antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitor in vitro and in vivo models. Healthy recipe of Nam Prik Ta Dang (NPTD) was developed by Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University used in this study. Fresh NPTD was determined for some bioactive compounds, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by two different methods as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The result showed that NPTD contained total polyphenol and also carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lutein. In vitro antioxidant activity values of NPTD was 204.3 ± 8.5 and 17.2 ± 2.7 micromole Trolox equivalent/gram for ORAC and FRAP, respectively. Freeze-dried NPTD was used for evaluating antioxidant activity and antilipid peroxidation in healthy rats. Daily administration of normal diet mixed NPTD for 2 months, serum ORAC significantly increased to compare with control group (p < 0.01). Lipid peroxidation marker as serum Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly decreased to compare with control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, healthy recipes of Thai red hot chili dip or Nam Prik TA Dang obtained various bioactive compounds which exhibited significantly antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, daily consumption of NPTD showed the efficacy in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Further study, it could be studied in oxidative stress condition and human clinical trials.

La alferecía y los primeros casos de tétanos neonatal descritos en Chile en 1894 / Alferecía and the first cases of tetanus neonaturum described in Chile in 1894

Federico Puga Borne presented the first two cases of known Chilean tetanus neonatorum in 1891. These cases had a fatal course, were poorly described and had no necropsy. The presentation was done in a regular session of the Sociéte Scientifique du Chili, founded in 1891 by a French citizen settled in the country, and published in the Actes de la Sociéte Scientifique du Chili. At this time, tetanus had never been seen in a newborn in Chile, while it was very common in other South American countries; its popular name was alferecía, but this term covered many other neurological disorders.

Se reproducen in extenso los dos casos de tétanos neonatal presentados como los primeros descritos en Chile por Federico Puga Borne en una reunión de la Societé Scientifique du Chili, sociedad fundada en 1891 por ciudadanos franceses, cuyo órgano de expresión Actes de la Société Scientifique du Chili apareció hasta 1938. Aimbos casos fueron fatales, no tuvieron autopsia y están pobremente descritos. En la reunión se comenta la rareza de esta patología en Chile, a diferencia de su alta incidencia en los países vecinos, y se menciona que el pueblo la conocía con el nombre de alferecía, que parecía reunir diversas afecciones neurológicas.

Desempenho agronômico de linhas endogâmicas ecombinadas de Capsicum annuum L. em sistema orgânico sob cultivo protegido / Agronomic performance of recombinant inbred of Capsicum annuum L. lines cultivated under organic system and greenhouse conditions

O manejo de plantas em cultivo protegido e a busca de produtos orgânicos pelos consumidores têm sido um desafio para produtores e pesquisadores de hortaliças. Para que essas formas de cultivo proporcionem lucratividade ao produtor e frutos de qualidade para o consumidor, faz-se necessária a busca por genótipos adaptados a esse manejo diferenciado. Neste trabalho, objetivouse avaliar o desempenho de 12 linhas endogâmicas recombinadas de Capsicum annuum L., obtidas do cruzamento entre os acessos UENF 1421 e UENF 1381, em cultivo protegido sob manejo orgânico. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, na Estação Experimental de Seropédica da PESAGRO-RIO, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se o número total de frutos (NTF), peso total de frutos (PTF), peso médio dos frutos (PMF), comprimento dos frutos (CF), diâmetro dos frutos (DF), relação comprimento/diâmetro do fruto (CF/DF) e presença de capsaicina (CAPS). Foram estimados os parâmetros genéticos variâncias genotípica, fenotípica e ambiental, coeficientes de determinação genotípico e de variação genética e o índice de variação. Houve diferença altamente significativa para todas as características, exceto para PTF. As linhas produziram elevado número de frutos, leves e de formatos variados. Somente duas linhas não tiveram pungência e quatro segregaram para CAPS. Todas as características tiveram alta variância genotípica e altos coeficientes de determinação genotípicos, mostrando que os resultados são, predominantemente, de origem genética. Os dados permitiram a indicação preliminar das linhas 5 e 8 para o cultivo orgânico em ambiente protegido.

Plant management under greenhouse conditions, associated with search for ecological products by consumers, has been a challenge for both farmers and vegetable researchers. Obtaining profit and quality depends on adapted genotypes that can be grown using an adequate management. The aim of this work was to study the agronomic performance of 12 recombinant inbred chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lines, from crosses between UENF 1421 and UENF 1381 accessions, under greenhouse conditions and using an organic system. The experiment was carried out at Seropédica Experimental Station of PESAGRO-RIO, in randomized block design, with four replications. The following variables were evaluated: total number of fruits (TNF); total fruit weight (TFW); average weight of fruits (MWF); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); length and diameter fruit ratio (LDFR), and capsaicin presence (CAPS). Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variances, as well as genotypic determination coefficient and variation index were estimated. There was highly significant difference for all traits unless TFW. The lines produced a high number of fruits, with low weight and with variability in shape among lines. Absence of capsaicin was observed only in two lines and other three lines segregated for capsaicin presence. High values of genotypic variance and genotypic determination coefficient were estimated for all traits, indicating that the results were due to genetic causes. The data pointed to a preliminary indication of lines 5 and 8 for cultivation in an organic system under greenhouse conditions.

Are Rice and Spicy Diet Good for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders?

Rice- and chili-containing foods are common in Asia. Studies suggest that rice is completely absorbed in the small bowel, produces little intestinal gas and has a low allergenicity. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that rice-based meals are well tolerated and may improve gastrointestinal symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Chili is a spicy ingredient commonly use throughout Asia. The active component of chili is capsaicin. Capsaicin can mediate a painful, burning sensation in the human gut via the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). Recently, the TRPV1 expressing sensory fibers have been reported to increase in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with FGID and visceral hypersensitivity. Acute exposure to capsaicin or chili can aggravate abdominal pain and burning in dyspepsia and IBS patients. Whereas, chronic ingestion of natural capsaicin agonist or chili has been shown to decrease dyspeptic and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms. The high prevalence of spicy food in Asia may modify gastrointestinal burning symptoms in patients with FGID. Studies in Asia demonstrated a low prevalence of heartburn symptoms in GERD patients in several Asian countries. In conclusion rice is well tolerated and should be advocated as the carbohydrate source of choice for patients with FGID. Although, acute chili ingestion can aggravate abdominal pain and burning symptoms in FGID, chronic ingestion of chili was found to improve functional dyspepsia and GERD symptoms in small randomized, controlled studies.

Biological Control of Alternaria Fruit Rot of Chili by Trichoderma Species under Field Conditions

Trichoderma strains were evaluated under field conditions to assay their efficacy in suppressing Alternaria fruit rot disease and promoting chili plant growth. The experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh from July 2006 to March 2007. Application of Trichoderma harzianum IMI 392432 significantly (p = 0.05) suppressed the disease compared to Alternaria tenuis (T2) treatment and improved both growth and yield. The treatment T4 (T. harzianum IMI-392432 + A. tenuis) was most effective in reducing disease percentage (72.27%) compared to A. tenuis (T1) treatment. The highest seed germination rate (85.56%) and the highest growth and yield (12.5 g/plant) was also recorded in the same treatment (T4), followed by T5 (T. harzianum IMI-392433 000000 + A. tenuis), T6 (T. harzianum IMI-392434 +A. tenuis), T2 (T. virens IMI-392430 + A. tenuis), and T3 (T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431 +A. tenuis) treatment, while single treatment with A. tenuis significantly decreased these values.

Nutritional changes in powdered red pepper upon in vitro infection of Aspergillus flavus / Alterações nutricionais em pimenta vermelha em pó após infecção in vitro com Aspergillus flavus

Quantitative losses in various biochemical constituents like capsaicin, carotenes, ascorbic acid, polyphenols,mineral matter, sugars (soluble and insoluble), protein and fat were estimated after the successful growth ofAspergillus flavus for 30 days on powdered red pepper. The fungal biomass was measured by ergosterolcontent and Aflatoxin B1 by HPLC. Amongst the various nutritional constituents evaluated for nutritionallosses and changes the highest nutritional loss was reported in total carotenoids (88.55%) followed by totalsugars (85.5%). The protein content of the infected sample increased from 18.01% to 23%. The nutritional profile of chilli powder (Capsicum annum var. sannam L.) shows highest share of total soluble sugars (32.89%) and fiber content (21.05%), followed by protein (18.01%) and fat (13.32%) making it an ideal solid - substrate for mould growth. At the end of incubation the fungal biomass was 192. 25 mg / 100 gram powder, total plate count 17.5 X 10 4 CFU/g and Aflatoxin B1 content was 30.06 μg / kg.

Foram avaliadas as perdas de vários constituintes bioquímicos como capsaicina, carotenos, acido ascórbico,polifenóis, matéria orgânica, açucares (solúveis e insolúveis), proteína e gordura em pimenta vermelha em pó após a multiplicação de Aspergillus flavus por 30 dias. A biomassa fúngica foi mensurada pelo conteúdo de ergosterol e aflatoxina por HPLC. Entre os vários constituintes avaliados, a maiorperda foi a de carotenóides totais (88,55%), seguido de açucares totais (85,5%). O conteúdo protéico da amostra infectada aumentou de 18,01% para 23%. O perfil nutricional da pimenta em pó (Capsicum annum var. sannam L.) indica alto teor de açucares totais (32,89%) e fibras (21,05%), seguido de proteína (18,01%) e gordura (13,32%), tornando-a umsubstrato ideal para crescimento de fungos. Ao final dos 30 dias, a biomassa fúngica foi 192,25 mg/100g, a contagem total em placas foi 17,5 x 104 CFU/g e o conteúdo de aflatoxina B1foi 30,06 μg/kg.

Política externa chilena e espectro ideológico político-partidário: um estudo sobre a Câmara dos Deputados (2002-2006) / Chilean foreign policy and the partisan political ideological spectrum: a study on the Chamber of Deputies (2002-2006) / La politique extérieure chilienne et l'éventail idéologique dans la politique et les partis: une étude sur la Chambre des Députés (2002-2006)

The influence of political parties on decisions made by members of Congress is a hotly debated issue in political science. In foreign policy, which is usually considered nonpartisan, the matter is even more inconclusive. The current study analyzes all the roll-call votes taken on foreign policy issues in the 2002-2006 legislature of the Chilean Chamber of Deputies. After tracing a spatial map of foreign policy preferences among Chilean Deputies using the Nominate statistical package, we concluded that the ideology of the legislator's political party is a predictive factor for his or her foreign policy behavior. Our findings indicate that the way Chilean legislators structure their preferences on foreign policy issues does not differ significantly from the way they shape their domestic policy preferences.

L'influence des partis politiques dans les décisions des parlementaires est un thème très discuté dans les sciences politiques. Quant à la politique extérieure, couramment considérée comme étant au-dessus des partis, la question reste plus ouverte. Dans cette recherche, on examine toutes les séances de votes nominaux sur des sujets de politique extérieure de la Législature 2002-2006 de la Chambre des Députés chiliens. Après avoir établi une carte des préférences des députés chiliens en matière de politique extérieure et à l'aide du programme statistique Nominate, on conclut que l'idéologie du parti politique du législateur est un facteur prédictif de la conduite du législateur en politique extérieure. Nos résultats montrent que la façon dont les législateurs chiliens établissent leurs préférences dans les thèmes de politique extérieure ne diffère pas significativement de la façon dont ils forment leurs préférences dans la politique interne.